Application of metallographic microscope in metal materials and machinery manufacturing industry The application fields and importance of metallography are mainly reflected in the following aspects 1 material selection: there is a certain correspondence between the microstructure and properties of the material, according to which a suitable material can be selected. 2Check: Raw material check and process check 3 sampling inspection: product manufacturing process metallographic inspection of semi-finished products to ensure that the microstructure of the product meets the processing requirements of the next process. 4 Process evaluation: judge and identify the qualification of the product process. 5 In-service evaluation: Provide the basis for the safety, reliability and service life of the in-service parts. 6 Failure Analysis: The discovery of process and material defects provides a macro and micro analysis basis for the analysis of failure causes. 7 Research methods: provide an important basis for adjusting research directions and processes. Metallographic effect 1 steel heat treatment process: steel heat treatment principle is based on the phase change of steel in the heating and cooling process, metallographic technology is an important experimental means of phase change research. 2 Development of shape memory alloy: Shape memory alloy was also found by metallographic analysis. 3 Quality control of products: every step of the production process, from the acceptance of raw materials, processing technology control, to the evaluation of the quality of semi-finished products and finished products. 4 Failure analysis: It is difficult to completely avoid the failures in the form of deformation, fracture wear and corrosion during the use of mechanical equipment and parts, and use metallographic examination to find out the cause and prevent it. 5 Accident analysis: analysis and evidence of application and fire accidents in the field of fire cause identification, with good repeatability, good contrast and intuitiveness. Application field 1. Black metal metallographic examination 2. Metallographic examination of non-ferrous metals 3. Powder metallurgy metallographic examination 4. Tissue identification and evaluation after surface treatment of materials Metallographic examination of ferrous metals 1. Structural steel metallographic examination 2. Metallographic inspection of tool steel 3. Bearing steel metallographic examination 4. Spring steel metallographic examination 5. Metallographic examination of stainless steel, heat resistant steel and superalloy 6. Cast steel, cast iron metallographic examination 7. Metallographic examination of welded parts Structural steel metallographic examination Structural steel can be divided into two types: carbon structural steel and alloy structural steel, with carbon content ranging from 0.12% to 0.74%, mostly belonging to hypoeutectoid steel. It has good plasticity and can be obtained with certain strength and toughness after heat treatment, so it has been widely used in the mechanical manufacturing and engineering construction industries. The main contents of the metallographic examination of structural steel include: identification of various cold and hot processed structures, identification and evaluation of the types and quantities of non-metallic inclusions in steel, and the occurrence of structural defects during the production process. Metallographic inspection of tool steel 1 carbon tool steel 2 alloy tool steel 3 high speed tool steel Metallographic examination of carbon tool steel Carbon content 0.7% to 1.3%, also known as high carbon steel, used in the production of various tools, molds, metallographic examination content: 1 Metallographic examination of raw materials such as pearlite level inspection, reticulated carbide grade inspection, determination of decarburization layer; 2 quenched metallographic examination such as martensite and tray type inspection. Alloy tool steel metallographic examination In order to compensate for the lack of performance of carbon tool steel, alloy elements such as Cr, W, Mo, V, Si, and Mn are added to the alloy tool steel based on its chemical composition. Metallographic examination: pearlite level, reticulated carbide grade, decarburization layer determination, carbide band segregation, eutectic carbide non-uniform distribution, secondary carbide network, quenching and tempering structure, quenching crack High-speed tool steel metallographic examination n High-speed steel is divided into tungsten, tungsten-molybdenum, cobalt-based and aluminum high-speed steel according to the content of its alloying elements. n Metallographic examination: carbide non-uniformity and decarburization depth inspection, quenching test Bearing steel metallographic examination The steel used to manufacture various types of rolling bearing rings and rolling elements that work in different environments is called bearing steel and is divided into: Chrome bearing steel Carburized bearing steel Special purpose bearing steel Metallographic examination of chrome bearing steel Metallographic examination of chromium bearing steels mainly includes non-metallic inclusion ratings, carbide mesh and liquid analysis and spheroidized annealed structures, quenched and tempered structures, fractures and bainite structure ratings. Carburized bearing steel Carburized bearing steel is actually a high quality and high grade carburized structural steel. The bearing parts made of this type of steel have high surface hardness, good wear resistance and good toughness in the core after carburizing and heat treatment. Metallographic examination: metallographic examination of semi-finished and finished products of carburized bearing steel and rolling bearing parts. Non-metallic inclusions and carbide ribbon ratings in steel Metallographic examination of special purpose bearing steel The bearing parts under corrosive environment and low temperature work in the chemical industry, food industry, etc., the bearing parts under high temperature work and the large size bearings subjected to certain impact loads under heavy load conditions are special purpose bearing steels. Metallographic examination: carbide unevenness, microstructure Spring steel metallographic examination Spring steel uses carbon steel with a higher carbon content, and the spring requires more stringent hardenability than ordinary parts. For springs with large cross-sections, alloy spring steel must be used. Metallographic examination: 1 Metallographic examination of non-metallic inclusions of spring steel raw materials 2 Free Graphitization Metallographic Examination of Spring Steel 3 metallographic examination of decarburization layer on spring steel surface Metallographic examination of 4Si-Mn spring steel Metallographic examination of 565Si2MnWA spring steel 6Cr-V spring steel microstructure inspection 7 special spring steel wire inspection Metallographic examination of stainless steel, heat resistant steel and superalloy stainless steel Heat resistant steel High temperature alloy steel Stainless steel metallographic examination Stainless steel is generally a generic term for alloy steels that are highly chemically stable in solutions such as the atmosphere, water, acids and salts, or other corrosive media. Metallographic examination: low-fold microstructure, non-metallic inclusions, grain size, ferrite content, corrosion resistance and other requirements. Heat resistant steel metallographic examination Heat resistant steel refers to steel that works at high temperatures. Heat-resistant steel is widely used in power machinery, petroleum, chemical, aviation and other fields. Heat-resistant steel refers to the improvement of heat strength and oxidation resistance by adding alloying elements to steel to meet the requirements of good use. Generally, the heat resistant steel is used in a stable range of 400 to 650 °C. Metallographic examination: low-fold microstructure, non-metallic inclusions, grain size, microstructure, decarburization layer, free ferrite, corrosion resistance and other requirements. Metallographic examination of high temperature alloy steel The superalloy is based on nickel, iron and cobalt and uses an alloy with a temperature exceeding 600 °C. The superalloy has a high temperature, good resistance to oxidation and hot corrosion, good fatigue properties, fracture toughness and plasticity. Performance, superalloy is a single austenitic matrix structure with good structural stability, chemical stability and reliability at various temperatures. Metallographic examination: grain size, fracture stratification, porosity, grain boundary state, inclusion size and distribution. Cast steel, cast iron metallographic examination n cast steel n cast iron Cast steel metallographic examination Cast steel is formed by casting and is widely used in power stations, mines, construction, railways, construction machinery and agricultural machinery. Metallographic examination: coarse dendrites and primary microstructure, austenitic structure and as-cast microstructure at room temperature, severe segregation of chemical composition (especially for high-alloy steel castings), porosity and non-metallic inclusions during volumetric shrinkage, smelting and casting Things and so on. Cast iron is an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content greater than 2.11%. The carbon in the cast iron exists in three states: solid solution, compound and free. During the solidification, crystallization and subsequent heat treatment of cast iron, the existence state of carbon will also change, affecting the structure and properties of cast iron. In addition to carbon and silicon, it also contains other elements such as manganese, sulfur and phosphorus, as well as chromium and molybdenum. Copper, nickel, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, etc. Metallographic examination: 1 analysis of the state, size and distribution of graphite; 2 analysis of the morphology, distribution and quantity of various microstructures of the matrix and their mutual configuration; 3 defects caused by casting, heat treatment and other process factors Discrimination and analysis; 4 macroscopic and microscopic analysis of cast iron fractures; 5 comprehensive analysis of composition, organization, properties and production processes of cast iron.
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