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The main design idea of ​​the smart packaging is that this packaging method can directly provide information on the quality of the contents, the internal space gas composition and the dynamic changes of its storage. The packaged food products will be formed during the propagation of microorganisms. Metabolites react and their product quality behavior is directly and sensitively displayed by the freshness indicator.
If the temperature of foods that are prone to spoilage is higher than the pre-specified temperature, microorganisms in foods will rapidly multiply. Then, before the specified shelf life (shelf life), the food deteriorates, and in the worst case, toxic pathogenic bacteria are also formed. However, when a time-temperature indicator (TTI) is attached to the surface of the packaged product, the temperature change over time will be shown during the entire circulation of the product, thus providing information on the quality of the food.
For many easily perishable foods, reducing oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide concentration can improve the quality stability of foods because it can prevent the proliferation of aerobic microorganisms. If any product leakage occurs, the hermeticity of the gas environment is lost. Leakage of the packaging structure may also increase the degree of deterioration of the food, because the invasion of harmful microorganisms will lead to food contamination. It is entirely possible to inspect the package for leaks immediately after the end of the food product packaging process. However, in order to identify whether there is leakage of the package in the entire circulation supply chain of such food, it is necessary to add a leakage indicator in the package.
1. Leakage indicator (agent)
In recent years, research centers in some European countries have been developing structural designs for sensitive food packaging. At present, one of the key tasks is to study the leakage indicators with chemical principles.
Oxygen indicators have been patented for the detection of leaks in MAP (auto-controlled modified atmosphere packaging). Such indicators with oxygen sensitive dyes are suitable for showing the quality of MAP packaged products. In addition to oxygen-sensitive ingredients, these indicators also contain oxygen-absorbing ingredients, which can extend the shelf life of the product. However, this leakage indicator does not react with oxygen inside the MAP because the oxygen-absorbing component is included in the indicator, and the indicator is always mixed into the packaging film material in order to prevent oxidation during the packaging process. .
However, most of the other visible oxygen indicators on the market are different from the irreversible leak indicator developed above. The color change process of the former is reversible, that is, it is changed according to the oxygen concentration level at that time. However, this reversible discoloration process is not allowed in leak indicators. This is due to the failure of the integrity of the packaging structure due to leakage, and then the oxygen that enters the package will be gradually consumed during the microbial reproduction process.
In addition, packaging technology research departments in countries such as Northern Europe have also studied the principle of using cataclysmic substances in the formation of discoloration substances in the course of enzyme reactions, manufacturing leakage indicators for food packaging. In the presence of oxygen, this shellac can be oxidized with many basic substances. In order to make the observability indicator, there is a need for a color changeable substance. Studies have shown that this color changeable substance can be obtained from certain biochemicals. For example, applying a type of agarose material containing a biochemical body has the property of changing from pale green to dark green. As long as these materials are packed into oxygen-permeable film packaging bags, an oxygen indicator under oxygen-free conditions using a shellac-based material is formed. Once the indicator reacts with oxygen, it will react. Quickly and clearly show changes in color.
2. Freshness indicator (agent)
The development of a direct indicator of freshness based on the principle of reaction caused by volatile compounds has been a research topic that has been given due attention by the food packaging industry. In some research institutes abroad, research work has focused on hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which may evaporate a considerable amount of this material in long-term preserved egg foods.
When hydrogen sulphide comes in contact with myosin, a green pigment sulfamethoxin is formed. Using this principle, an indicator of freshness based on this type of myosin can be made and quality control tests of MAP (auto-controlled modified atmosphere packaging) poultry meat products have been used.
The H2S sensitivity indicator is made by inhaling a concentrated solution of common myosin into agarose and encapsulated in a H2S-permeable film packaging bag. This indicator of the freshness of foods based on myosin is added to the inner surface of the top of the platters containing poultry products, and the color change can be detected visually, thereby indicating the quality of the internal food. The vivid display characteristics of the color change of this indicator are simultaneous with the overflow volatilization of the H2S odor.
In addition to the myosin-based indicators mentioned above, some research departments have also explored some materials that have other indicators that are sensitive to H2S. For example, dyes that use chemical redox reactions can also achieve satisfactory results.
One of the most important research requirements in the development of sensitive packaging structures that can specify food quality and safety is to understand the relationship between product quality and bacterial metabolites. At the same time, it is also necessary to study the formation of fishy compounds that indicate the state of quality of poultry and fish foods in MAP (auto-controlled modified atmosphere packaging). At present, some foreign research centers, especially European technical departments, have conducted research work to other potential bacterial metabolites that can indicate the quality and safety of foods. The focus is on poultry fish foods, and on these metabolisms. The development of sensitive new indicators for the inclusion of novelty indicators. These research projects have become national research projects in some European countries.
3. Application and development of foreign food packaging research institutions, especially European packaging technology development centers, in addition to research on new smart packaging structure types, there is a major task is to promote and promote the application of sensitive packaging. For example, a national-level technology promotion project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland and directed by the Fish Marketing Association of Finland specializes in the applicability of the TTI to the quality evaluation of fish product packaging.
The quality assessment of fish products can be seen as a function of time under different prescribed temperatures and variable temperature conditions. At the same time, according to the pre-determined product shelf life requirements, different time-temperature indicators are attached to the surface of the product of the retail package and are monitored by the eye and the instrument. According to the specific temperature conditions, the color change rate of the indicator is compared with the quality of the fish product, and quality assessment can then be made.
All parties involved in food packaging technology research projects, including manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers, work closely together to conduct a thorough and in-depth discussion on the potential and potential problems of sensitive packaging. These research activities will provide the business community with the necessary knowledge base, which will help make decisions on the development of applications such as smart packaging. The packaging technology research department of many European countries is also involved in the evaluation of the whole-Europe plan for the safety, effectiveness, economy-environment coordination and consumer acceptance of active and smart packaging. The goal of this plan is to provide advice and comments on the amendments to the packaging regulations throughout Europe when considering the use of active or smart packaging structures.
At present, sensitive packaging technology has been initially applied in markets in Europe, the United States, and other markets, including indication labels with visible color changes that react with time and temperature, or to reverse-envelope certain chemical substrates. Leakage indicators and freshness indicators for color change. From the perspective of preliminary application, these visual indicators are very suitable for most fields of food packaging, and the effect is very obvious.
However, it is expected that this packaging technology will have more sophisticated visual information for remote monitoring in the future. Computer chips can be introduced into the display labels, and advanced digital technology can also use sophisticated printed circuits. The first products of this kind of electronic label will belong to the food safety label and radio frequency identification label. In addition to obtaining information on product quality identification, production date, sales price, and the like, such electronic tags can also show the functions of time-temperature, leakage, or freshness. It can be seen that the rapid development of microelectronics and biotechnology will promote the arrival of a new structure of smart smart packaging.
Sensitive packaging
Some intelligent packaging design products are moving toward the market, and their applications are becoming increasingly popular. New food packaging solutions with sensitive packaging with freshness indicators and leakage indicators (called Smart Packaging abroad) have been patented and it is expected that in the near future, there will be such a Sensitive packaging of new structural products is available. According to some European experts, the use of sensitive display labels that express quality status and safety performance in packaged products that are subject to spoilage and corruption will be recognized and widely used internationally in the next few decades.