E-book: Discovery and Invention AH Van der Weil Huang Qing translation (Department of Library and Digital Media Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands) (Wuhan University School of Information Management, Wuhan, 430072) When we observe how readers accept or reject e-books, Not only must we pay attention to the research of science and technology and social economy in this phenomenon, in fact, there are other important aspects of e-books worthy of our research. Like all technologies, e-books (and the use and refusal of e-books) are worthy of being studied as a social technology phenomenon. In other words, e-books not only represent a technological innovation, but also represent a process of social discovery. At the same time, stakeholders in the industry are not only software and hardware producers, but also the participants and authors of the book trade, including the government and the most neglected users. Discover the invention of e-books. Acceptance of Table 1. E-book acceptance statistics National e-books accounted for the percentage of book sales (%) US 5 China 2 Netherlands 1.5 paper and magazines still mainly consumed in analog form. The quality book is higher than the public's “perceived price†for e-books. Light screen, and no original reading software is available. The recorder is a device invented by Edison for voice recording and playback. However, the future of recording technology as a production recorder is destined to be insignificant compared to the ease of success of music recording. The invention may be to overcome difficulties, solve problems, cope with needs, or simply to satisfy curiosity, but the inventor can never predict what the invention will be used for. The use of the invention is often quite different from what was invented by the inventor. The invention is a technical activity, but the actual use of the invention and its use remain to be discovered. Therefore, all technologies can be called a social construction. The invention is a well thought out process for the inventor to design the technology. On the other hand, discovery is a gradual, unconscious social process. Because the development of technology takes place in the interaction between technological inventions and social discoveries, research on the social acceptance of technology requires a social and technological approach. This theory of course applies to the case of e-books. The acceptance process of e-books is very slow, and this slow acceptance has been going on for quite some time. Roughly estimated, the current acceptance statistics of e-books are shown in Table 1. Comparing the e-books with the other two non-text forms, the phenomenon of the above data display is more significant. Music has been available for public consumption since the 1980s, and now global music consumption is almost entirely in digital form. Similarly, moving images (movies, videos) have been available in digital form since the 1990s. And like music, film and video consumption is almost entirely in digital form. However, although the text has been digitized as early as the 1940s, today, over the past sixty years, the book and newspaper John Thompson pointed out in his book, the book of the digital age, the factors that hinder the development of e-books. Yes: Hardware is "expensive and difficult to use" with more formats to choose from, but they are not compatible; ownership of digital rights is not clear; publishers and retailers are too close to paper pricing from the above factors we can find Since 2005, there have been two major advances. The first is the widespread use of e-ink technology, which uses reflective reading surfaces (such as the Amazon Kindle reader, the iLiad reader from the Dutch iRex technology, and the Hanwang electronic paper book in China). This progress has improved the acceptance of e-books to a certain extent, but the users are mainly professional old readers. Secondly, Apple introduced the iPad in 2010. Strictly speaking, the iPad is not an e-book reading device, because it not only uses two advanced technologies that many people seem to be more prone to eye fatigue than reflective screens. It is not surprising that the impact of society is minimal. Although the usage rate of e-books has increased, the growth has been very small. 5 The 3rd Digital Age Publishing Industry Development and Talent Cultivation International Symposium Specialist Hosted by the Netherlands According to John Thompson, the factors hindering the development of e-books are still consistent with the analysis of these factors in 2005. First, in In nature, they are either technical (factor 1 + factor 2) or socioeconomic (factor 3 + factor 4); second, they focus only on the interests of a few stakeholders, including hardware and software manufacturers (factors) 1 + factor 2), book trade participants (factor 3 + factor 4), and little attention to the author's interests (factor 3). If you want to improve the acceptance of e-books, you first need to identify all stakeholders. In addition to hardware and software manufacturers, book trade participants and authors, it should also include the government and users. Second, there is a need to further identify the interests of these stakeholders. From this, we can draw the following list of stakeholder interest portfolios: (1) The interest in software/hardware manufacturing lies in profit maximization, which can also be understood as a commitment to hardware, functionality, and ergonomics. Technology improvements and marketing to increase e-book user retention; (2) Book trade (in process, infrastructure and end products) interest in economic countermeasures (appropriate business model, value chain and pricing) and copyright ( Protecting their interests through digital rights management technology) (3) The author has both cultural and economic interests; (4) The government (policy aspect) is interested in media control, especially in terms of international competition, cultural diversity and accessibility. . In media control, the improvement of reading and reading and writing skills is the most significant aspect. (5) Finally, users (as readers or buyers) have a wide range of interests. They want to spread culture and knowledge, leisure or teaching through e-books, and most importantly, they want e-books to have the same function as printed books. In the end, they have the key to acceptance of new technologies. Secondly, it is necessary to extend the scope of research from a focus on the technical and socio-economic aspects of e-books (represented by equipment hardware and software manufacturers and book traders) to a larger group represented by users, especially society. Cultural perspective. Taking users into consideration is not a simple matter. From a social and cultural point of view, it is more difficult to be clear than the socio-economic perspective of goal-oriented technology and hardware and software manufacturers and book trade. This is precisely because the user represents a discovery process, and as we have seen, this discovery process is a gradual, unconscious social process. Found that it can't be planned, it only takes time. The problem also includes users not having their own schedules, and they may not even be aware of the (potential) events that are enough to affect them. For example, it is well known that it is very difficult to conduct a review of a user's functionality that has not been designed or even the most basic description. In this sense, user surveys are more suitable for collecting assessments of existing technology solutions; researchers often lack the exploration of potential users, and they always seem to think that potential users are always on the road of technology waiting to be Find. User attitudes towards e-books are also largely influenced by implicit cultural values, which complicates the issue. In the words of French writer and sociologist Bourdieu, books represent symbolism and economic and social capital. This symbolic capital is inherently difficult to calculate and operate in any mode. In addition, for most users, if they are aware of any such symbolic value, they will not agree with it. Once we are aware of the above complex conditions and challenges, we may be able to help solve these problems through a historical perspective. Historical perspectives allow for the understanding and description of the social and cultural aspects of early development. Again, this will help us to learn more about the symbolic value associated with (paper) books and reading. The symbolic capital represented by books can have enormous value: books are often considered part of the identity of people. People want to be seen in specific books that they are reading (or are thought to read, for example, by making people think they love to read). So far, the visibility of books has always depended on the physical materiality that gives them the existence. E-books have largely reduced visibility in this sense, which has become a significant factor hindering the holding of e-books. Therefore, it is not difficult for us to understand the fact that people are reluctant to give up physical books for the above reasons. As a textual technique, books have a long history and are deeply rooted in our culture. The meaning represented by books cannot be easily replaced. Therefore, we urgently need to find a way to give books and readings in the digital domain a symbolic meaning, as we have done in this simulated world for many centuries. Note AH Vanderwell, Professor, Department of Library and Digital Media Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands. 6 Huang Qing, 2010 Master of Science in Information Management College of Wuhan University. Scented Sachet,Fragrance Sachet,Fresh Scents Sachets,Perfume Sachet Jiangsu Raymeel Home Decoration Co., Ltd. , https://www.raymeelhome.com
E-book discovery and invention